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M-850 Hexapod shown in
different positions.
Why Hexapod Robots and Parallel Kinematics (PKM)?

Download the Hexapod Catalog

Advantages of Parallel Kinematics (PKM)
Micro- and Nanopositioning Systems:
Example: Parallel-Kinematics Micropositioning Systems
vs. Serial Kinematics (Stacked) Systems
  • Lower Inertia
  • Better Dynamic Behavior
  • Smaller Package Size
  • Higher Stiffness
  • No Accumulation of Position Errors
  • Reduced Runout Errors
  • No Moving Cables: Better Repeatability
    and Reliability


Watch M-840 Hexapod in Motion Video below.
Hexapod based on electrical linear actuators

Parallel Kinematics Hexapod Robot 6 Axis Micropositioning System.
  • Six struts support one common lightweight platform. 
  • No accumulation of runout errors. 
  • Virtual center of rotation, set by one software command. 
  • No moving cables, no cable tension: better repeatability & higher reliability. 

Serial-Kinematics "Stacked" 6-Axis Stage.

  • The bottom stage supports its own moving platform plus all stages above. 
  • Runout errors and tilt errors accumulate. 
  • Up to 5 moving cables cause friction and cable management problems. 
The comparision clearly shows the advantages of the low-inertia hexapod approach over a serial kinematics system.

Product Examples: PI Precision Electro-Mechanical Hexapod 6-Axis Stages

PI piezo Hexapods and electro-mechanical Hexapods have many advantages over hydraulic hexapods. They are smaller, offer much higher precision and most are self locking. Available in many sizes, configurations for loads from 2 kg to more than 1000 kg.

M-850 Hexapod M-824 Vacuum-Compatible Hexapod M-840 HexaLight Hexapod
M-850 6-Axis Hexapod M-824 Compact Vacuum Compatible 6-Axis Hexapod M-840 HexaLight 6-Axis Hexapod

F-206 Micro-Hexapod Miniature M-810 Hexapod Custom High Precision Non-Magnetic Hexapod
F-206 Mini Flexure Hexapod, ideal for photonics alignment Ultra Compact Miniature Hexapod (PDF) Custom High Precision non-magnetic Piezo-Hexapod with NEXLINE® Piezo-Walk® Drives

Nonapod Secondary Hexapod for Telescope 2000lb Hexapod
Hexapod +3 Medical Robot with Highest Levels of Reliability. Read PDF on Spine Surgery application Active Secondary Hexapod with Tip/Tilt Mirror 1000kg-Class Hexapod Alignment System (1m diam.) Compared to 100kg-Class Hexapod (0.3m diam.)

Active Secondary Hexapod with Tip/tilt Mirror Custom Hexapod for Brain Surgery Custom Secondary Hexapod, Water-Resistant
Active Secondary Hexapod with Tip/tilt Mirror for Telescopes Hexapod as Surgical Robot (photo courtesy of IPA) Custom Secondary 6-Axis Hexapod for APEX Radio Telescopy in Chile


Downloads
Hexapod Brochure: Products & Applications
Click here to see M-840 Hexapod video (mpeg format)
Parallel-Kinematics Technotes
Hexapod Information in German


More Hexapod / Tripod Links

Ultra-Precise 6D-Measuring System for Optical Surfaces
Tripod 3-Axis Piezo Z-Tip/Tilt Stage for Semiconductor Test & Metrology
Tripod Low-Profile XY/Rotation Stage for LCD & Semiconductor Inspection
Hexapod for ALMA Millimeter Radio Telescope
University of Bremen Study uses PKM Hexapod for Photothermics / Non-Destructive Testing
Hexpod in Biomechanical Dental Application at Universität Bonn, Germany
In-Situ Surface Diffractometer Hexapod
Hexapod Robot in a Beamline
http://hexapod.zemris.fer.hr/pregled_postojecih.htm
http://www.ntu.edu.sg/mpe/research/researchnews/vision-n-control.pdf
http://ppsc.pme.nthu.edu.tw/~htwu/rs/left/robot_link.html
Hexapod Satellite Antenna Control
Robot Tools
Robotics
Hexapod as Surgical Robot
PI Custom Hexapod Robot for Spine Surgery
Hexapod for Active and Passive Fiber Alignment
Hexapod Alignment System for UKIRT Telescope
Hexapod in Dental Research Application (German)
Hexapod for Secondary Mirror Control in SOFIA telescope
Hexapod in Waveguide Alignment Application
Hexapod as Mirror Manipulator in the SRRC Beamline
Hexapod Parallel-Kinematik in der Industriellen Prüftechnik, Univ. Bremen, Germany
PI Gewinnt ALMA Hexapod Auftrag
Hexapod Structures in Surgical Applications
Ultrapräzises 6D-Messsystem für optische Oberflächen


Parallel Kinematics Piezo-Driven Nanopositioning Systems
Serial Kinematics vs. Parallel Kinematics in Nanopositioning Systems


Stacked Serial Kinematics Flexure Nanopositioning System
  • Simple Design, but: 
  • Slower response (lower stage carries inertial mass of upper stage);
  • Non-symmetric resonant frequencies (lower stage is slower than upper stage, requires different servo settings).
  • Orthogonality error is mounting-angle dependant.
  • Runout in Y cannot be monitored/compensated by the sensor in the X stage or vice versa. 
Nested Serial Kinematics Flexure Nanopositioning System
  • Thinner and better response than Stacked Serial Kinematics, but no other advantages
Parallel Kinematics Flexure Nanopositioning System (In-Plane Tripod)
  • Same ultra-low inertia for X and Y motion, providing higher responsiveness and axis-independent performance. 
  • Excellent, mounting independent orthogonality. 
  • Reduced runout: X sensor (PI uses non-contact two plate capacitance sensors) can monitor and correct for Y runout and vice versa (Active Trajectory Control). 
  • Additional rotation axis (Theta Z) feasible with 3 actuators / sensors and digital controller.

Active Trajectory Control
Active Trajectory Control requires parallel metrology feedback. It is available on single module parallel kinematics nanopositioning systems. It improves straightness and flatness to sub-nanometer precision. Digital controllers with
advanced coordinate transformation algorithms allow active trajectory control for up to 6 DoF.

More information on advanced control techniques for piezo nanopositioning systems



More Information on Low-Inertia Nanopositioning Systems?


Examples of Parallel Kinematics Nanopositioning Systems


Custom 6 DOF Nanoposititioning Stage P-587 Nanopositioning Stage P-733 XY Nanopositioning Stage
Custom 6 DOF Single-Module
    Multi-Axis Design, Capacitive
    Feedback, Clear Aperture.
P-587 6-DOF Most Advanced
    Six-Axis Nanopositioning Stage.
    Travel to 800 µm and 10 mrad.
P-733 XY Nanopositioning
   Stage. Capacitive Feedback,
   Clear Aperture.

P-734 Nanopositioning Stage 541 Piezo Scanning Stage P-714 Low-Profile XY Scanner
P-734 Ultra-High Flatness XY
    Nanopositioning Stage. Capacitive
    Feedback, Clear Aperture.
P-541 Low-Profile, Z/Tip/Tilt
    Tripod Piezo Scanning Stages for
    Microscopy. To 200µm
    Travel Range. Clear Aperture
P-714 Low-Profile XY Scanners for
    Imaging.Compact Size, Highly Cost-
    Efficient Design, Clear Aperture.



Examples of Parallel Kinematics Steering Mirrors

Parallel Kinematics Differential DriveTriple-Piezo-Drive Active Optics Platform
Parallel Kinematics
    Differential Drive
Tripod-Piezo-Drive Active Optics Platform Featuring
    3 Actuators (Tripod) and 4 Sensors

S-330 Piezo Tip/Tilt Platforms S-316 3-Axis Steering Mirror Active Tip/Tilt mirror for Subaru Telescope
S-330 Ultra-Fast Piezo
    Tip/Tilt Platforms
S-316 High-Speed, Tripod Tip/Tilt
    Steering Mirror
Active Tip/Tilt mirror for Subaru
    Telescope (Mauna Kea, Hawaii).





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